Longitudinal scaling of observables in heavy-ion collision models

TL;DR

This paper investigates the phenomenon of longitudinal scaling in heavy-ion collisions, analyzing how certain observables behave across different energies and systems, and assesses the capability of various transport models to reproduce this scaling.

Contribution

It demonstrates that only the AMPT model with partonic effects reproduces the observed longitudinal scaling of multiple observables, highlighting the importance of partonic interactions in modeling.

Findings

Longitudinal scaling observed in $dN_{ch}/d\eta$, $< p_T >$, and $v_2$ for certain models.

AMPT with partonic effects reproduces the scaling across observables.

UrQMD and default AMPT models only reproduce scaling for $dN_{ch}/d\eta$ and $< p_T >$.

Abstract

Longitudinal scaling of pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles ($dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$) is observed when presented as a function of pseudorapidity ($\eta$) shifted by the beam rapidity ($\eta$ - $y_{\mathrm {beam}}$) for a wide range of collision systems ($e^{+}+e^{-}$, p+p, $d$+A and A+A) and beam energies. Such a scaling is also observed for the elliptic flow ($v_{2}$) of charged hadrons in A+A collisions. This is a striking observation, as $v_{2}$ is expected to be sensitive to the initial conditions, the expansion dynamics and the degrees of freedom of the system, all of which potentially varies with collision system and colliding energies. We present a study of the longitudinal scalings of $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$, average transverse momentum ($< p_{\mathrm T}>$) and $v_{2}$ using transport models UrQMD and AMPT for Au+Au collisions at center of mass energies ($\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}$) of 19.6, 62.4, 200 GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at 2760 GeV. Only the AMPT models which includes partonic effects and quark coalescence as a mechanism of hadronization, shows longitudinal scaling for $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$, $< p_{\mathrm T}>$ and $v_{2}$. Whereas the UrQMD and AMPT default versions show longitudinal scaling only for $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$ and $<p_{\mathrm T}>$. We also discuss the possibility of longitudinal scaling of $v_{2}$ within two extreme scenarios of models with hydrodynamic and collisionless limits. We find the longitudinal scaling of bulk observables to be an important test for the underlying physics mechanism in models of particle production.