Far-from-equilibrium processes without net thermal exchange via energy sorting

TL;DR

This paper introduces 'ghost equilibrium,' a novel far-from-equilibrium process that maintains thermal balance by energy sorting, enabling microscale energy manipulation without net thermal exchange.

Contribution

It presents the concept of ghost equilibrium, a new class of far-from-equilibrium processes that suppress net thermal exchange through statistical cancellation.

Findings

Demonstrates ghost equilibrium in rotational dipoles and trapped particles.

Provides conditions for observing ghost equilibrium.

Shows implications for microscale energy control.

Abstract

Many important processes at the microscale require far-from-equilibrium conditions to occur, as in the functioning of mesoscopic bioreactors, nanoscopic rotors, and nanoscale mass conveyors. Achieving such conditions, however, is typically based on energy inputs that strongly affect the thermal properties of the environment and the controllability of the system itself. Here, we present a general class of far-from-equilibrium processes that suppress the net thermal exchange with the environment by maintaining the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution intact. This new phenomenon, referred to as ghost equilibrium, results from the statistical cancellation of superheated and subcooled nonequilibrated degrees of freedom that are autonomously generated through a microscale energy sorting process. We provide general conditions to observe this phenomenon and study its implications for manipulating energy at the microscale. The results are applied explicitly to two mechanistically different cases, an ensemble of rotational dipoles and a gas of trapped particles, which encompass a great variety of common situations involving both rotational and translational degrees of freedom.