The Planetary Nebulae Population in the Central Regions of M32: the SAURON view

TL;DR

This study uses integral-field spectroscopy to significantly expand and analyze the planetary nebulae population in M32, revealing faint PNe, their properties, and implications for stellar evolution with minimal telescope time.

Contribution

First application of integral-field spectroscopy to study PNe in M32, doubling known PNe and detecting fainter sources, revealing dust effects on central stars.

Findings

Detected PNe five times fainter than previous studies.

Central PNe population consistent with known luminosity functions.

Identified circumstellar dust extinction affecting central stars.

Abstract

Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae (PNe) are not only useful as distance signposts or as tracers of the dark-matter content of their host galaxies, but constitute also good indicators of the main properties of their parent stellar populations. Yet, so far, the properties of PNe in the optical regions of galaxies where stellar population gradients can be more extreme have remained largely unexplored, mainly because the detection of PNe with narrow-band imaging or slit-less spectroscopy is considerably hampered by a strong stellar background. Integral-field spectroscopy (IFS) can overcome this limitation, and here we present a study of the PN population in the nearby compact elliptical M32. Using SAURON data taken with just two 10-minutes-long pointings we have doubled the number of known PNe within the effective radius of M32, detecting PNe five times fainter than previously found in narrow-band images that collected nearly the same number of photons. Furthermore, by carefully accounting for the incompleteness of our survey we could conclude, despite having only 15 sources, that the central PNe population of M32 is consistent with the generally adopted shape for the PNe Luminosity Function and its typical normalization observed in early-type galaxies. Finally, owing to the proximity of M32 and to UV images taken with HST, we could identify the most likely candidates for the central star of a subset of our detected PNe and conclude that these stars are affected by substantial amounts of circumstellar dust extinction, a finding that could reconcile the intriguing discrepancy previously reported in M32 between model predictions and observations for the later stages of stellar evolution. Considering the modest time investment on a 4m-class telescope that delivered these results, this work illustrates the potential of future IFS studies for the central PNe population of early-type galaxies.