Sulphur abundances in halo giants from the [S I] line at 1082 nm and the S I triplet around 1045 nm

TL;DR

This study measures sulphur abundances in halo giants using two spectral diagnostics to clarify the Galactic sulphur evolution trend, finding a flat [S/Fe] trend and evaluating the reliability of each diagnostic.

Contribution

It compares sulphur abundance diagnostics in halo giants, assessing non-LTE effects and the usefulness of the [S I] line at 1082 nm for low-metallicity stars.

Findings

Confirmed flat [S/Fe] trend in halo stars.

Found [S I] line effective down to [Fe/H] = -2.3.

Observed potential overcorrection in non-LTE triplet abundances.

Abstract

It is still debated whether or not the Galactic chemical evolution of sulphur in the halo followed the constant or flat trend with [Fe/H], ascribed to the result of explosive nucleosynthesis in type II SNe. The aim of this study is to try to clarify this situation by measuring the sulphur abundance in a sample of halo giants using two diagnostics; the S I triplet around 1045 nm and the [S I] line at 1082 nm. The latter of the two is not believed to be sensitive to non-LTE effects. We can thereby minimize the uncertainties in the diagnostic used and estimate the usefulness of the triplet in sulphur determination in halo K giants. We will also be able to compare our sulphur abundance differences from the two diagnostics with the expected non-LTE effects in the 1045 nm triplet previously calculated by others. High-resolution near-infrared spectra of ten K giants were recorded using the spectrometer CRIRES mounted on VLT. Two standard settings were used; one covering the S I triplet and one covering the [S I] line. The sulphur abundances were determined individually with equivalent widths and synthetic spectra for the two diagnostics using tailored 1D model atmospheres and relying on non-LTE corrections from the litterature. Effects of convective inhomogeneities in the stellar atmospheres are investigated. We corroborate the flat trend in the [S/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] plot for halo stars found in other works and cannot find a scatter nor a rise in [S/Fe] obtained in some other previous studies. We find the sulphur abundances deduced from the non-LTE corrected triplet somewhat lower than the abundances from the [S I] line, possibly indicating too large non-LTE corrections. Considering 3D modeling, however, they might instead be too small. Further we show that the [S I] line is possible to use as a sulphur diagnostic down to [Fe/H] = -2.3 in giants.