Weak Values as Context Dependent Values of Observables and Born's Rule

TL;DR

This paper introduces the concept of 'contextual values' for quantum observables, showing they align with weak values and providing a derivation of Born's rule through consistency with classical probability theory.

Contribution

It defines contextual values for observables, demonstrating their equivalence to weak values and deriving Born's rule from foundational principles.

Findings

Contextual values match weak values.

Born's rule is derived from the framework.

Measurement independence of expectation and variance is established.

Abstract

We characterize a value of an observable by a `sum rule' for generally non-commuting observables and a `product rule' when restricted to a maximal commuting subalgebra of observables together with the requirement that the value is unity for the projection operator of the prepared state and the values are zero for the projection operators of the states which are orthogonal to the prepared state. The crucial requirement is that the expectation value and the variance of an observable should be independent of the way of measurement, i.e., the choice of the maximal commuting subalgebra of observables. We shall call the value a {\it `contextual value'}. We show that the contextual value of an observable coincides with the weak value advocated by Aharonov and his colleagues by demanding the consistency of quantum mechanics with Kolmogorov's measure theory of probability. This also gives a derivation of Born's rule, which is one of the axioms of conventional quantum mechanics.