
TL;DR
This paper investigates the coexistence zone of icy and bare dust grains beyond the snow line in protostellar environments using simulations and analytical models, revealing its size, formation timescales, and implications for planet formation and observations.
Contribution
It introduces the concept of a snow border zone where icy and bare grains coexist, providing quantitative estimates and modeling approaches for protostellar disks and massive protostars.
Findings
Extended coexistence zone of icy and bare grains identified
Size of the zone is about 0.4 AU in disks and 5400 AU in protostars
Steady-state times range from 10^2 to 10^5 years
Abstract
Context. The study of the snow line is an important topic in several domains of astrophysics, and particularly for the evolution of proto-stellar environments and the formation of planets. Aims. The formation of the first layer of ice on carbon grains requires low temperatures compared to the temperature of evaporation (T > 100 K). This asymmetry generates a zone in which bare and icy dust grains coexist. Methods. We use Monte-Carlo simulations to describe the formation time scales of ice mantles on bare grains in protostellar disks and massive protostars environments. Then we analytically describe these two systems in terms of grain populations subject to infall and turbulence, and assume steady-state. Results. Our results show that there is an extended region beyond the snow line where icy and bare grains can coexist, in both proto-planetary disks and massive protostars. This zone is…
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