Statistical properties of 12.2 GHz methanol masers associated with a complete sample of 6.7 GHz methanol masers

TL;DR

This study analyzes the detection and properties of 12.2 GHz methanol masers associated with 6.7 GHz masers, revealing evolutionary stages, luminosity increases, and spatial associations with infrared sources in a comprehensive survey.

Contribution

It provides the first definitive detection statistics for 12.2 GHz methanol masers in a complete sample, highlighting their evolutionary relationship with 6.7 GHz masers and infrared sources.

Findings

12.2 GHz masers detected towards 43.1% of 6.7 GHz sources

Most 12.2 GHz peaks are velocity-coincident with 6.7 GHz peaks

Luminosity and velocity range increase with source evolution

Abstract

We present definitive detection statistics for 12.2 GHz methanol masers towards a complete sample of 6.7 GHz methanol masers detected in the Methanol Multibeam survey south of declination -20 degrees. In total, we detect 250 12.2 GHz methanol masers towards 580 6.7 GHz methanol masers. This equates to a detection rate of 43.1%, which is lower than that of previous significant searches of comparable sensitivity. Both the velocity ranges and the flux densities of the target 6.7 GHz sources surpass that of their 12.2 GHz companion in almost all cases. 80 % of the detected 12.2 GHz methanol maser peaks are coincident in velocity with the 6.7 GHz maser peak. Our data support an evolutionary scenario whereby the 12.2 GHz sources are associated with a somewhat later evolutionary stage than the 6.7 GHz sources devoid of this transition. Furthermore, we find that the 6.7 GHz and 12.2 GHz methanol sources increase in luminosity as they evolve. In addition to this, evidence for an increase in velocity range with evolution is presented. This implies that it is not only the luminosity, but also the volume of gas conducive to the different maser transitions, that increases as the sources evolve. Comparison with GLIMPSE mid-infrared sources has revealed a coincidence rate between the locations of the 6.7 GHz methanol masers and GLIMPSE point sources similar to that achieved in previous studies. Overall, the properties of the GLIMPSE sources with and without 12.2 GHz counterparts are similar. There is a higher 12.2 GHz detection rate towards those 6.7 GHz methanol masers that are coincident with extended green objects.