A VLBA survey of the core shift effect in AGN jets I. Evidence for dominating synchrotron opacity

TL;DR

This VLBA survey of 20 AGN jets across nine frequencies confirms the core shift effect is dominated by synchrotron self-absorption, supporting the Blandford-Koenigl jet model with no significant external absorption influences.

Contribution

The study provides the first broad frequency range measurement of core shifts in multiple AGN, confirming the r ∝ n^-1 law and the dominance of synchrotron opacity in core position shifts.

Findings

Core shift measurements are consistent with the r ∝ n^-1 law.

No significant evidence for free-free absorption or pressure/density gradients.

Supports the model of a continuous, self-absorbed conical jet in equipartition.

Abstract

The effect of a frequency dependent shift of the VLBI core position (known as the "core shift") was predicted more than three decades ago and has since been observed in a few sources, but often within a narrow frequency range. This effect has important astrophysical and astrometric applications. To achieve a broader understanding of the core shift effect and the physics behind it, we conducted a dedicated survey with NRAO's Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). We used the VLBA to image 20 pre-selected sources simultaneously at nine frequencies in the 1.4-15.4 GHz range. The core position at each frequency was measured by referencing it to a bright, optically thin feature in the jet. A significant core shift has been successfully measured in each of the twenty sources observed. The median value of the core shift is found to be 1.21 mas if measured between 1.4 and 15.4 GHz, and 0.24 mas between 5.0 and 15.4 GHz. The core position, r, as a function of frequency, n, is found to be consistent with an r n^-1 law. This behavior is predicted by the Blandford & Koenigl model of a purely synchrotron self-absorbed conical jet in equipartition. No systematic deviation from unity of the power law index in the r(n) relation has been convincingly detected. We conclude that neither free-free absorption nor gradients in pressure and/or density in the jet itself and in the ambient medium surrounding the jet play a significant role in the sources observed within the 1.4-15.4 GHz frequency range. These results support the interpretation of the parsec-scale core as a continuous Blandford-Koenigl type jet with smooth gradients of physical properties along it.