The reddening law of Type Ia Supernovae: separating intrinsic variability from dust using equivalent widths

TL;DR

This study analyzes the impact of spectral features on Type Ia supernovae luminosity and derives a dust reddening law consistent with the Milky Way, clarifying previous controversies in supernova cosmology.

Contribution

It introduces a method using spectral equivalent widths to separate intrinsic supernova variability from dust effects, leading to a more accurate reddening law determination.

Findings

The empirical reddening law matches the Cardelli extinction law.

The total-to-selective extinction ratio RV is found to be 2.8 ± 0.3.

Correcting for spectral features resolves discrepancies with Milky Way dust properties.

Abstract

We employ 76 type Ia supernovae with optical spectrophotometry within 2.5 days of B-band maximum light obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory to derive the impact of Si and Ca features on supernovae intrinsic luminosity and determine a dust reddening law. We use the equivalent width of Si II {\lambda}4131 in place of light curve stretch to account for first-order intrinsic luminosity variability. The resultant empirical spectral reddening law exhibits strong features associated with Ca II and Si II {\lambda}6355. After applying a correction based on the Ca II H&K equivalent width we find a reddening law consistent with a Cardelli extinction law. Using the same input data, we compare this result to synthetic rest-frame UBVRI-like photometry in order to mimic literature observations. After corrections for signatures correlated with Si II {\lambda}4131 and Ca II H&K equivalent widths, and introducing an empirical correlation between colors, we determine the dust component in each band. We find a value of the total-to-selective extinction ratio, RV = 2.8 \pm 0.3. This agrees with the Milky Way value, in contrast to the low RV values found in most previous analyses. This result suggests that the long-standing controversy in interpreting SN Ia colors and their compatibility with a classical extinction law, critical to their use as cosmological probes, can be explained by the treatment of the dispersion in colors, and by the variability of features apparent in SN Ia spectra.