z~4 Halpha Emitters in GOODS : Tracing the Dominant Mode for Growth of Galaxies

TL;DR

This study identifies strong Halpha emission in high-redshift galaxies, indicating a dominant star formation phase that significantly contributes to early galaxy growth and mass assembly.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method to select Halpha emitters at z~4 using broad-band excess, revealing their role in galaxy evolution and mass buildup.

Findings

Over 70% of galaxies show Halpha excess in GOODS fields.

HAEs can have star formation rates of 20-500 Msun/yr.

They contribute up to 50% of stellar mass density at z~3.

Abstract

We present evidence for unusually strong Halpha emission in galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the range of 3.8<z<5.0, over the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields. Among 74 galaxies detected in the Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5um bands, more than 70% of the galaxies show clear excess at 3.6um compared to the expected flux density from stellar continuum only. We provide evidence that this 3.6um excess is due to Halpha emission redshifted into the 3.6um band, and classify these 3.6um excess galaxies to be Halpha emitter (HAE) candidates. The selection of HAE candidates using an excess in broad-band filters is sensitive to objects whose rest-frame H$\alpha$ equivalent width is larger than 350A, star formation rates of 20-500 Msun/yr. The Halpha-to-UV luminosity ratio of HAEs is on average larger than that of local starbursts. Possible reasons for such strong Halpha emission in these galaxies include different dust extinction properties, young stellar population age, continuous star formation history, low metallicity, and top-heavy stellar initial mass function. Although the correlation between UV slope beta and L(Ha)/L(UV) raises the possibility that HAEs prefer a dust extinction curve which is steeper in the UV, the most dominant factor that results in strong Halpha emission appears to be star formation history. The Halpha equivalent widths of HAEs are large despite their relatively old stellar population ages constrained by SED fitting, suggesting that at least 60% of HAEs produce stars at a constant rate. Under the assumption that the cold gas supply is sustained, HAEs are able to produce ~50% of the observed stellar mass density at z~3 that is caught in massive (M*>10^11 Msun) galaxies. This 'strong Halpha phase' of star formation plays a dominant role in early galaxy growth, being a feasible progenitors of massive red galaxies at lower redshifts.