Chains of rotational tori and filamentary structures close to high multiplicity periodic orbits in a 3D galactic potential

TL;DR

This study explores complex phase space structures near high multiplicity periodic orbits in a 3D galactic potential, revealing chains of rotational tori and filamentary structures that generalize known resonance zone behaviors.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of rotational tori and filamentary structures around high multiplicity periodic orbits in a 3D galactic potential, extending the understanding of phase space organization.

Findings

Rotational tori replace stability islands in 3D systems.

Filamentary structures connect unstable periodic orbits in 4D phase space.

Observed structures are consistent across multiple high multiplicity orbits.

Abstract

This paper discusses phase space structures encountered in the neighborhood of periodic orbits with high order multiplicity in a 3D autonomous Hamiltonian system with a potential of galactic type. We consider 4D spaces of section and we use the method of color and rotation [Patsis and Zachilas 1994] in order to visualize them. As examples we use the case of two orbits, one 2-periodic and one 7-periodic. We investigate the structure of multiple tori around them in the 4D surface of section and in addition we study the orbital behavior in the neighborhood of the corresponding simple unstable periodic orbits. By considering initially a few consequents in the neighborhood of the orbits in both cases we find a structure in the space of section, which is in direct correspondence with what is observed in a resonance zone of a 2D autonomous Hamiltonian system. However, in our 3D case we have instead of stability islands rotational tori, while the chaotic zone connecting the points of the unstable periodic orbit is replaced by filaments extending in 4D following a smooth color variation. For more intersections, the consequents of the orbit which started in the neighborhood of the unstable periodic orbit, diffuse in phase space and form a cloud that occupies a large volume surrounding the region containing the rotational tori. In this cloud the colors of the points are mixed. The same structures have been observed in the neighborhood of all m-periodic orbits we have examined in the system. This indicates a generic behavior.