Kinetic energy driven superconductivity, the origin of the Meissner effect, and the reductionist frontier

TL;DR

This paper proposes that kinetic energy lowering drives superconductivity and the Meissner effect, linking microscopic quantum behavior to macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena, and introduces new predictions about internal electric fields and spin currents.

Contribution

It introduces a novel theory connecting kinetic energy lowering to the Meissner effect and predicts macroscopic electric fields and spin currents in superconductors.

Findings

Kinetic energy lowering is fundamental to superconductivity.

Superconductors expel magnetic fields and negative charge due to kinetic energy effects.

Predicted existence of macroscopic electric fields and spin currents in superconductors.

Abstract

Is superconductivity associated with a lowering or an increase of the kinetic energy of the charge carriers? Conventional BCS theory predicts that the kinetic energy of carriers increases in the transition from the normal to the superconducting state. However, substantial experimental evidence obtained in recent years indicates that in at least some superconductors the opposite occurs. Motivated in part by these experiments many novel mechanisms of superconductivity have recently been proposed where the transition to superconductivity is associated with a lowering of the kinetic energy of the carriers. However none of these proposed unconventional mechanisms explores the fundamental reason for kinetic energy lowering nor its wider implications. Here I propose that kinetic energy lowering is at the root of the Meissner effect, the most fundamental property of superconductors. The physics can be understood at the level of a single electron atom: kinetic energy lowering and enhanced diamagnetic susceptibility are intimately connected. According to the theory of hole superconductivity, superconductors expel negative charge from their interior driven by kinetic energy lowering and in the process expel any magnetic field lines present in their interior. Associated with this we predict the existence of a macroscopic electric field in the interior of superconductors and the existence of macroscopic quantum zero-point motion in the form of a spin current in the ground state of superconductors (spin Meissner effect). In turn, the understanding of the role of kinetic energy lowering in superconductivity suggests a new way to understand the fundamental origin of kinetic energy lowering in quantum mechanics quite generally.