A global study of the HII region M43 and its ionizing star (I. Stellar parameters and nebular empirical analysis)

TL;DR

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the HII region M43 and its ionizing star HD37061, combining stellar and nebular observations to determine physical parameters, chemical abundances, and the effects of scattered light.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed empirical analysis of M43's nebula and star, highlighting the importance of scattered light correction and direct abundance determinations without ionization correction factors.

Findings

Determined stellar parameters and ionizing photon output of HD37061.

Mapped spatial distribution of nebular physical conditions and ionic abundances.

Showed the significance of scattered light correction for accurate nebular analysis.

Abstract

We have selected the Galactic HII region M43, a close-by apparently spherical nebula ionized by a single star (HD37061) to investigate several topics of recent interest in the field of HII regions and massive stars. In a series of two papers we perform a combined, comprehensive study of the nebula and its ionizing star by using as many observational constraints as possible. We collected for this study a set of high-quality observations, including the optical spectrum of HD37061, along with nebular optical imaging and long-slit spatially resolved spectroscopy. The first part of our study comprises a quantitative spectroscopic analysis of the ionizing star, and the empirical analysis of the nebular images and spectroscopy. We determine the stellar parameters of HD37061 and the total number of ionizing photons emitted by the star. We find observational evidence of the presence of scattered light from the Huygens region (brightest part of the Orion nebula) in the M43 region. We show the importance of an adequate correction of this scattered light from the imagery and spectroscopic observations of M43 for a proper determination of the total nebular H_alpha luminosity, the nebular physical conditions and chemical abundances. We perform a detailed nebular empirical analysis of 9 apertures extracted from a long-slit located to the west of HD37061, obtaining the spatial distribution of the physical conditions and ionic abundances. For three of the analyzed elements (O, S, and N) we could determine total abundances directly from observable ions (no ionization correction factors were needed). The comparison of these abundances with those derived from the spectrum of the Orion nebula indicates the importance of the atomic data and, specially in the case of M\,42, the considered ionization correction factors.