Orbital Debris-Debris Collision Avoidance

TL;DR

This paper explores using a ground-based laser system to alter debris orbits in low-Earth orbit, aiming to prevent collisions and potentially mitigate the Kessler syndrome without active debris removal.

Contribution

It demonstrates the feasibility of using a 5 kW laser and telescope to significantly reduce collision risks among debris in LEO through photon pressure manipulation.

Findings

Can reduce nearly half of catastrophic debris collisions

Potential to lower debris fragmentation rates below natural re-entry

Long-term operation might prevent Kessler syndrome

Abstract

We focus on preventing collisions between debris and debris, for which there is no current, effective mitigation strategy. We investigate the feasibility of using a medium-powered (5 kW) ground-based laser combined with a ground-based telescope to prevent collisions between debris objects in low-Earth orbit (LEO). The scheme utilizes photon pressure alone as a means to perturb the orbit of a debris object. Applied over multiple engagements, this alters the debris orbit sufficiently to reduce the risk of an upcoming conjunction. We employ standard assumptions for atmospheric conditions and the resulting beam propagation. Using case studies designed to represent the properties (e.g. area and mass) of the current debris population, we show that one could significantly reduce the risk of nearly half of all catastrophic collisions involving debris using only one such laser/telescope facility. We speculate on whether this could mitigate the debris fragmentation rate such that it falls below the natural debris re-entry rate due to atmospheric drag, and thus whether continuous long-term operation could entirely mitigate the Kessler syndrome in LEO, without need for relatively expensive active debris removal.