A Study of Carbon Features in Type Ia Supernova Spectra

TL;DR

This study investigates the presence and distribution of unburned carbon in Type Ia supernova spectra, revealing that more SNe Ia exhibit carbon features than previously thought, which impacts understanding of explosion mechanisms.

Contribution

The paper presents new observations and analysis showing that carbon features are more common in SNe Ia spectra, supporting models with off-center ignition and asymmetric ejecta.

Findings

More SNe Ia show C II 6580 absorption than previously reported.

Carbon-rich regions may be spherical or hemispherically asymmetric.

Diversity in SNe Ia may result from off-center ignition and line-of-sight effects.

Abstract

One of the major differences between various explosion scenarios of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is the remaining amount of unburned (C+O) material and its velocity distribution within the expanding ejecta. While oxygen absorption features are not uncommon in the spectra of SNe Ia before maximum light, the presence of strong carbon absorption has been reported only in a minority of objects, typically during the pre-maximum phase. The reported low frequency of carbon detections may be due to low signal-to-noise data, low abundance of unburned material, line blending between C II 6580 and Si II 6355, ejecta temperature differences, asymmetrical distribution effects, or a combination of these. However, a survey of published pre-maximum spectra reveals that more SNe Ia than previously thought may exhibit C II 6580 absorption features and relics of line blending near 6300 Angstroms. Here we present new SN Ia observations where spectroscopic signatures of C II 6580 are detected, and investigate the presence of C II 6580 in the optical spectra of 19 SNe Ia using the parameterized spectrum synthesis code, SYNOW. Most of the objects in our sample that exhibit C II 6580 absorption features are of the low-velocity gradient subtype. Our study indicates that the morphology of carbon-rich regions is consistent with either a spherical distribution or a hemispheric asymmetry, supporting the recent idea that SN Ia diversity may be a result of off-center ignition coupled with observer line-of-sight effects.