Response of the polaron system consisting of an impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate to Bragg spectroscopy

TL;DR

This paper extends polaron response theory to finite momentum transfer, enabling analysis of Bragg spectroscopy in Bose-Einstein condensate impurities, revealing features similar to solid-state polarons and providing a basis for experimental studies.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized response formalism for polaron systems with finite momentum transfer, applicable to Bragg spectroscopy in BEC-impurity systems, which was not previously available.

Findings

Features similar to solid-state polarons are observed in BEC-impurity Bragg response.

The formalism includes effects of lifetime broadening on the spectrum.

A consistency check via the f-sum rule is established.

Abstract

We expand the existing polaron response theory, expressed within the Mori-Zwanzig projection operator formalism applicable for the transfer of arbitrary energy and zero momentum, to the case of finite momentum exchange. A general formula is then derived which can be used to calculate the response of a system to a probe that transfers both momentum and energy to the system. The main extension of the existing polaron response theory is the finite momentum exchange which was not needed until now since it is negligible for optical absorption. However, this formalism is needed to calculate the response of the polaronic system consisting of an impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate to Bragg spectroscopy. We show that the well-known features that appear in the optical absorption of the solid state Fr\"ohlich polaron are also present in the Bragg response of the BEC-impurity polaron. The f-sum rule is written in a form suitable to provide an independent consistency test for our results. The effect of lifetime broadening on the BEC-impurity spectrum is examined. The results derived here are discussed in the framework of an experimental realization consisting of a lithium impurity in a sodium condensate.