Physics and measurements of magnetic materials

TL;DR

This paper reviews the magnetic properties, metallurgical aspects, and measurement techniques of various magnetic materials used in particle accelerators and fusion technology, highlighting recent innovations like amorphous and nanocrystalline materials.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of the metallurgical and magnetic properties of materials, including innovative amorphous and nanocrystalline types, relevant for accelerator and fusion applications.

Findings

Metallurgical processes significantly influence magnetic properties.

Innovative amorphous and nanocrystalline materials show promising performance.

Measurement techniques for magnetic properties are discussed in detail.

Abstract

Magnetic materials, both hard and soft, are used extensively in several components of particle accelerators. Magnetically soft iron-nickel alloys are used as shields for the vacuum chambers of accelerator injection and extraction septa; Fe-based material is widely employed for cores of accelerator and experiment magnets; soft spinel ferrites are used in collimators to damp trapped modes; innovative materials such as amorphous or nanocrystalline core materials are envisaged in transformers for high-frequency polyphase resonant convertors for application to the International Linear Collider (ILC). In the field of fusion, for induction cores of the linac of heavy-ion inertial fusion energy accelerators, based on induction accelerators requiring some 107 kg of magnetic materials, nanocrystalline materials would show the best performance in terms of core losses for magnetization rates as high as 105 T/s to 107 T/s. After a review of the magnetic properties of materials and the different types of magnetic behaviour, this paper deals with metallurgical aspects of magnetism. The influence of the metallurgy and metalworking processes of materials on their microstructure and magnetic properties is studied for different categories of soft magnetic materials relevant for accelerator technology. Their metallurgy is extensively treated. Innovative materials such as iron powder core materials, amorphous and nanocrystalline materials are also studied. A section considers the measurement, both destructive and non-destructive, of magnetic properties. Finally, a section discusses magnetic lag effects.