Discovery of a Candidate for the Coolest Known Brown Dwarf

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a candidate for the coolest known brown dwarf, identified as a faint companion to a white dwarf, with implications for understanding substellar objects and their formation.

Contribution

The discovery of a new ultra-cool brown dwarf candidate using Spitzer data, with detailed analysis of its properties and formation scenarios.

Findings

Candidate's effective temperature ~300 K

Mass estimated at ~7 Jupiter masses

Potential formation via binary star or disk processes

Abstract

We have used multi-epoch images from the Infrared Array Camera on board the Spitzer Space Telescope to search for substellar companions to stars in the solar neighborhood based on common proper motions. Through this work, we have discovered a faint companion to the white dwarf WD 0806-661. The comoving source has a projected separation of 130", corresponding to 2500 AU at the distance of the primary (19.2 pc). If it is physically associated, then its absolute magnitude at 4.5um is ~1 mag fainter than the faintest known T dwarfs, making it a strong candidate for the coolest known brown dwarf. The combination of M_4.5 and the age of the primary (1.5 Gyr) implies an effective temperature of ~300 K and a mass of ~7 M_Jup according to theoretical evolutionary models. The white dwarf's progenitor likely had a mass of ~2 M_sun, and thus could have been born with a circumstellar disk that was sufficiently massive to produce a companion with this mass. Therefore, the companion could be either a brown dwarf that formed like a binary star or a giant planet that was born within a disk and has been dynamically scattered to a larger orbit.