Locating the source of projectile fluid droplets

TL;DR

This paper introduces a reciprocal correlation plot method to estimate the source height of projectile droplets from spatter data, overcoming the ill-posed problem in accident reconstruction and crime scene analysis.

Contribution

It presents a novel reciprocal plot technique that infers source height from aggregate droplet statistics, effective with narrow launch angle distributions.

Findings

The method accurately estimates source height in experiments.

It is insensitive to aerodynamic drag effects.

Effective primarily when launch angles are narrowly distributed.

Abstract

The ill-posed projectile problem of finding the source height from spattered droplets of viscous fluid is a longstanding obstacle to accident reconstruction and crime scene analysis. It is widely known how to infer the impact angle of droplets on a surface from the elongation of their impact profiles. However, the lack of velocity information makes finding the height of the origin from the impact position and angle of individual drops not possible. From aggregate statistics of the spatter and basic equations of projectile motion, we introduce a reciprocal correlation plot that is effective when the polar launch angle is concentrated in a narrow range. The vertical coordinate depends on the orientation of the spattered surface, and equals the tangent of the impact angle for a level surface. When the horizontal plot coordinate is twice the reciprocal of the impact distance, we can infer the source height as the slope of the data points in the reciprocal correlation plot. If the distribution of launch angles is not narrow, failure of the method is evident in the lack of linear correlation. We perform a number of experimental trials, as well as numerical calculations and show that the height estimate is insensitive to aerodynamic drag. Besides its possible relevance for crime investigation, reciprocal-plot analysis of spatter may find application to volcanism and other topics and is most immediately applicable for undergraduate science and engineering students in the context of crime-scene analysis.