Sources of intrinsic rotation in the low flow ordering

TL;DR

This paper introduces a low flow gyrokinetic model that includes new terms in the momentum conservation equation, potentially explaining intrinsic rotation in tokamaks without external momentum sources.

Contribution

It presents a novel low flow gyrokinetic formulation with additional terms that account for intrinsic rotation mechanisms previously neglected.

Findings

Intrinsic rotation depends on density and temperature profiles.

Up-down asymmetry influences intrinsic rotation.

New terms in the momentum equation can explain observed rotation without external sources.

Abstract

A low flow, $\delta f$ gyrokinetic formulation to obtain the intrinsic rotation profiles is presented. The momentum conservation equation in the low flow ordering contains new terms, neglected in previous first principles formulations, that may explain the intrinsic rotation observed in tokamaks in the absence of external sources of momentum. The intrinsic rotation profile depends on the density and temperature profiles and on the up-down asymmetry.