Distribution and excitation of thermal methanol in 6.7 GHz maser bearing star-forming regions; I. The nearby source Cepheus A

TL;DR

This study maps and analyzes the distribution, excitation, and physical conditions of methanol gas in the star-forming region Cepheus A, revealing outflow signatures, temperature variations, and abundance peaks related to maser activity.

Contribution

It provides detailed spatial and physical characterization of methanol in Cepheus A, combining emission mapping, excitation analysis, and comparison with dust maps to understand star formation processes.

Findings

Methanol detected over 0.3x0.15 pc area with outflow signature.

Inner regions show higher densities and temperatures.

Methanol abundance peaks at the maser position.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and excitation of the methanol gas around Cep A and to describe the physical conditions of the region. In addition the large scale abundance distribution is determined in order to understand the morphology and kinematics of star forming regions in which methanol masers occur. The spatial distribution of the methanol is studied by mapping line emission, as well as the column density and excitation temperature, which are estimated using rotation diagrams. For a limited number of positions the parameters are checked with non-LTE models. Furthermore, the distribution of the methanol abundance is derived in comparison with archival dust continuum maps. Methanol is detected over a 0.3x0.15 pc area centred on the Cep A HW2 source, showing an outflow signature. Most of the gas can be characterized by a moderately warm rotation temperature (30-60K). At the central position two velocity components are detected with different excitation characteristics, the first related to the large-scale outflow. The second component, uniquely detected at the central location, is probably associated with the maser emission on much smaller scales of 2". Detailed analysis reveals that the highest densities and temperatures occur for these inner components. In the inner region the dust and gas are shown to have different physical parameters. Abundances of methanol in the range 10E-9 - 10E-7 are inferred, with the abundance peaking at the maser position. The geometry of the large-scale methanol is in accordance with previous determinations of the Cep A geometry, in particular those from methanol masers. The dynamical and chemical time-scales are consistent with the methanol originating from a single driving source associated with the HW2 object and the masers in its equatorial region.