A free-boundary problem for concrete carbonation: Rigorous justification of the $\sqrt{{t}}$-law of propagation

TL;DR

This paper rigorously proves that the penetration depth of carbonation in concrete follows a t law, confirming experimental observations and extending the mathematical understanding of free-boundary problems in this context.

Contribution

It provides the first rigorous proof of the t law for carbonation penetration, including lower bounds and solutions with vanishing initial domain measure.

Findings

Confirmed the t law for large-time carbonation penetration

Established the optimality of the t rate with lower bounds

Developed weak solutions allowing for initial zero measure domains

Abstract

We study a one-dimensional free-boundary problem describing the penetration of carbonation fronts (free reaction-triggered interfaces) in concrete. A couple of decades ago, it was observed experimentally that the penetration depth versus time curve (say $s(t)$ vs. $t$) behaves like $s(t)=C\sqrt{t}$ for sufficiently large times $t > 0$ (with $C$ a positive constant). Consequently, many fitting arguments solely based on this experimental law were used to predict the large-time behavior of carbonation fronts in real structures, a theoretical justification of the $\sqrt{t}$-law being lacking until now. %This is the place where our paper contributes: The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by justifying rigorously the experimentally guessed asymptotic behavior. We have previously proven the upper bound $s(t)\leq C'\sqrt{t}$ for some constant $C'$; now we show the optimality of the rate by proving the right nontrivial lower estimate, i.e. there exists $C">0$ such that $s(t)\geq C"\sqrt{t}$. Additionally, we obtain weak solutions to the free-boundary problem for the case when the measure of the initial domain vanishes. In this way, our mathematical model is now allowing for the appearance of a moving carbonation front -- a scenario that until was hard to handle from the analysis point of view.