Black Hole - Never Forms, or Never Evaporates

TL;DR

This paper argues that black holes may never form or evaporate completely, suggesting that the quantum and classical gravity conflict might be less severe, supported by semiclassical analysis and a universal Einstein field solution.

Contribution

It introduces a universal spherical solution to Einstein's equations and demonstrates that black hole evaporation can avoid information loss if the lifespan is finite, challenging traditional views.

Findings

Black holes may not form or fully evaporate.

Semiclassical methods can resolve black hole paradoxes.

A universal solution to Einstein's equations is derived.

Abstract

Many discussion about the black hole conundrums, such as singularity and information loss, suggested that there must be some essential irreconcilable conflict between quantum theory and classical gravity theory, which cannot be solved with any semiclassical quantized model of gravity, the only feasible way must be some complete unified quantum theory of gravity. In \cite{Vachaspati2007a}, the arguments indicate the possibility of an alternate outcome of gravitational collapse which avoids the information loss problem. In this paper, also with semiclassical analysis, it shows that so long as the mechanism of black hole evaporation satisfies a quite loose condition that the evaporation lifespan is finite for external observers, regardless of the detailed mechanism and process of evaporation, the conundrums above can be naturally avoided. This condition can be satisfied with Hawking-Unruh mechanism. Thus, the conflict between quantum theory and classical gravity theory may be not as serious as it seemed to be, the effectiveness of semiclassical methods might be underestimated. An exact universal solution with spherical symmetry of Einstein field equation has been derived in this paper. All possible solutions with spherical symmetry of Einstein field equation are its special cases. In addition, some problems of the Penrose diagram of an evaporating black hole first introduced by Hawking in 1975 \cite{Hawking1975} are clarified.