Mutual Friction in Superfluid He^4 Near the {\lambda}-line

TL;DR

This paper reports experimental measurements of thermal resistivity in superfluid He^4 near the lambda transition, revealing a power-law singularity and a higher-than-classical mutual friction exponent, indicating turbulent flow effects.

Contribution

The study provides new experimental data on thermal resistivity and mutual friction in superfluid He^4 near T_lambda, suggesting a modified mutual friction exponent due to turbulence.

Findings

Resistivity shows a power-law divergence near T_lambda.

Mutual friction exponent m is approximately 3.46, larger than classical value 3.

Transition to a more dissipative phase occurs below T_lambda.

Abstract

We present experimental results for the thermal resistivity {\rho} of superfluid He^4 along several isobars between saturated vapor pressure and the melting pressure. The measurements are for the temperature range 1 - T_c(q)/T_{\lambda} < t < 2{\times}10^{-5} and the heat-flux range 3 < q < 70 {\mu}W/cm^2. Here t {\equiv} 1-T/T_{\lambda}, T_{\lambda} is the transition temperature in the limit of zero q, and T_c is the transition temperature at finite q. The data suggest that the resistivity has an incipient singularity at T_{\lambda} which can be described by the power law {\rho} = (t/t0)^{-(m{\nu}+{\alpha})} where t0 = (q/q0)^x. However, the singularity is supplanted by the transition to a more highly dissipative phase at T_c(q) < T_{\lambda}. The results suggest a mild dependence of m{\nu} + {\alpha} on P, but can be described quite well by m{\nu} + {\alpha} = 2.76, x = 0.89, and q_0 = q_{0,0} - q_{0,1}P with q_{0,0} = 401 W/cm^2 and q_{0,1} = -5.0 W /{cm^2-bar}. The results imply that the Gorter-Mellink mutual friction exponent m has a value close to 3.46 and is distinctly larger than the classical value m = 3. We suggest that the reason for this may be found in the nature of the counterflow close to T_{\lambda}, which is expected to involve turbulent normalfluid flow.