Fermionic condensate and Casimir densities in the presence of compact dimensions with applications to nanotubes

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the effects of compactified dimensions and gauge fields on fermionic condensates and Casimir forces, with applications to nanotubes, revealing conditions for attractive or repulsive forces at the nanoscale.

Contribution

It provides new formulas for fermionic condensates and Casimir energies in complex geometries with applications to carbon nanotubes.

Findings

Boundary-induced fermionic condensate and energy density are negative and lead to attractive forces.

Casimir forces in nanotubes can be controlled by magnetic flux, enabling nanoscale actuation.

Energy density varies with nanotube length and chirality, affecting force direction.

Abstract

We investigate the fermionic condensate and the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor for a massive fermionic field in the geometry of two parallel plate on the background of Minkowski spacetime with an arbitrary number of toroidally compactified spatial dimensions, in the presence of a constant gauge field. Bag boundary conditions are imposed on the plates and periodicity conditions with arbitrary phases are considered along the compact dimensions. The boundary induced parts in the fermionic condensate and the vacuum energy density are negative, with independence of the phases in the periodicity conditions and of the value of the gauge potential. Interaction forces between the plates are thus always attractive. However, in physical situations where the quantum field is confined to the region between the plates, the pure topological part contributes as well, and then the resulting force can be either attractive or repulsive, depending on the specific phases encoded in the periodicity conditions along the compact dimensions, and on the gauge potential, too. Applications of the general formulas to cylindrical carbon nanotubes are considered, within the framework of a Dirac-like theory for the electronic states in graphene. In the absence of a magnetic flux, the energy density for semiconducting nanotubes is always negative. For metallic nanotubes the energy density is positive for long tubes and negative for short ones. The resulting Casimir forces acting on the edges of the nanotube are attractive for short tubes with independence of the tube chirality. The sign of the force for long nanotubes can be controlled by tuning the magnetic flux. This opens the way to the design of efficient actuators driven by the Casimir force at the nanoscale.