Dispersion and thermal effects on electromagnetic instabilities in the precursor of relativistic shocks

TL;DR

This paper investigates how electromagnetic micro-instabilities in relativistic shock precursors are affected by electron heating, angular dispersion, and current-driven effects, revealing conditions for different instability modes and their implications for particle acceleration.

Contribution

It extends previous micro-instability analyses by including finite angular dispersion and upstream electron heating, clarifying the conditions under which various instabilities operate in relativistic shocks.

Findings

Oblique two-stream instability persists down to gamma_sh~10 with cold electrons.

Filamentation instability is inhibited at low gamma_sh but becomes dominant with heated electrons.

Current-driven Buneman instability can efficiently heat electrons upstream.

Abstract

Fermi acceleration can develop efficiently at relativistic collisionless shock waves provided the upstream (unshocked) plasma is weakly magnetized. At low magnetization, the large size of the shock precursor indeed provides enough time for electromagnetic micro-instabilities to grow and such micro-instabilities generate small scale turbulence that in turn provides the scattering required. The present paper extends our previous analysis on the development of these micro-instabilities to account for the finite angular dispersion of the beam of reflected and accelerated particles and to account for the expected heating of the upstream electrons in the shock precursor. We show that the oblique two stream instability may operate down to values of the shock Lorentz factor gamma_{sh}~10 as long as the electrons of the upstream plasma remain cold, while the filamentation instability is strongly inhibited in this limit; however, as electrons get heated to relativistic temperatures, the situation becomes opposite and the two stream instability becomes inhibited while the filamentation mode becomes efficient, even at moderate values of the shock Lorentz factor. The peak wavelength of these instabilities migrates from the inertial electron scale towards the proton inertial scale as the background electrons get progressively heated during the crossing of the shock precursor. We also discuss the role of current driven instabilities upstream of the shock. In particular, we show that the returning/accelerated particles give rise to a transverse current through their rotation in the background magnetic field. We find that the compensating current in the background plasma can lead to a Buneman instability which provides an efficient source of electron heating. [Abridged]