Thermalization in the Two-Body Random Ensemble

TL;DR

This paper investigates how isolated fermionic systems described by the two-body random ensemble thermalize, analyzing the roles of quantum chaos, eigenstate properties, and initial conditions through exact diagonalizations and analytical expressions.

Contribution

It provides new analytical links between thermalization measures and eigenstate properties, and clarifies the conditions under which chaos leads to thermalization in finite quantum systems.

Findings

Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis explains thermalization for certain observables.

Chaos signatures alone do not guarantee thermalization in finite systems.

Full chaos and eigenfunction delocalization are necessary for thermalization.

Abstract

Using the ergodicity principle for the expectation values of several types of observables, we investigate the thermalization process in isolated fermionic systems. These are described by the two-body random ensemble, which is a paradigmatic model to study quantum chaos and specially the dynamical transition from integrability to chaos. By means of exact diagonalizations we analyze the relevance of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis as well as the influence of other factors, like the energy and structure of the initial state, or the dimension of the Hilbert space. We also obtain analytical expressions linking the degree of thermalization for a given observable with the so-called number of principal components for transition strengths originated at a given energy, with the dimensions of the whole Hilbert space and microcanonical energy shell, and with the correlations generated by the observable. As the strength of the residual interaction is increased an order-to-chaos transition takes place, and we show that the onset of Wigner spectral fluctuations, which is the standard signature of chaos, is not sufficient to guarantee thermalization in finite systems. When all the signatures of chaos are fulfilled, including the quasi complete delocalization of eigenfunctions, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis is the mechanism responsible for the thermalization of certain types of observables, such as (linear combinations of) occupancies and strength function operators. Our results also suggest that fully chaotic systems will thermalize relative to most observables in the thermodynamic limit.