The first Fermi multifrequency campaign on BL Lacertae: characterizing the low-activity state of the eponymous blazar

TL;DR

This study presents a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of BL Lacertae during a low-activity state, revealing its spectral energy distribution, jet properties, and variability patterns over 18 months, with implications for emission models.

Contribution

First coordinated multiwavelength campaign during a low state of BL Lacertae, providing detailed insights into its spectral and variability characteristics.

Findings

Gamma-ray flux was 15 times lower than in 1997.

Detected a concave X-ray spectrum indicating a transition in the SED.

VLBA observations constrained magnetic field to less than 3 G.

Abstract

We report on observations of BL Lacertae during the first 18 months of Fermi-LAT science operations and present results from a 48-day multifrequency coordinated campaign from 2008 August 19 to 2008 October 7. The radio to gamma-ray behavior of BL Lac is unveiled during a low activity state thanks to the coordinated observations of radio-band (Metsahovi and VLBA), near-IR/optical (Tuorla, Steward, OAGH and MDM) and X-ray (RXTE and Swift) observatories. No variability was resolved in gamma-rays during the campaign, and the brightness level was 15 times lower than the level of the 1997 EGRET outburst. Moderate and uncorrelated variability has been detected in UV and X-rays. The X-ray spectrum is found to be concave indicating the transition region between the low and high energy component of the spectral energy distribution (SED). VLBA observation detected a synchrotron spectrum self-absorption turnover in the innermost part of the radio jet appearing to be elongated and inhomogeneous, and constrained the average magnetic field there to be less than 3 G. Over the following months BL Lac appeared variable in gamma-rays, showing flares (in 2009 April and 2010 January). There is no evidence for correlation of the gamma-rays with the optical flux monitored from the ground in 18 months. The SED may be described by a single zone or two zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model, but a hybrid SSC plus external radiation Compton (ERC) model seems preferred based on the observed variability and the fact that it provides a fit closest to equipartition.