Spiral structure in nearby galaxies I. Sample, data analysis, and overview of results

TL;DR

This study analyzes spiral structures in nearby galaxies using infrared and optical data to understand their prevalence, morphology, and relation to galactic features like bars and interactions, revealing that about half exhibit grand design spirals and tidal interactions influence spiral strength.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed observational analysis of spiral structures in a galaxy sample from the SINGS survey, highlighting the prevalence and characteristics of spiral patterns in relation to galactic features.

Findings

Approximately half the galaxies show two-armed grand design spirals.

Non-grand design galaxies also have significant higher order mode power.

Tidal interactions are linked to stronger infrared spiral structures.

Abstract

This paper, the first of two, introduces an observational study of spiral structure in galaxies chosen from the SINGS survey. Near infrared (NIR) and optical data are used to produce mass surface density maps, and from these the morphology of the disc is examined. The aim of this work is to characterise the prevalence of spiral structure in this sample and, in the cases where a clear spiral pattern is found, include the findings in a comparative study (reported in paper II). A two-armed (`grand design') spiral pattern is found in approximately half the galaxies studied, including all those that are designated as grand design in the optical, but also including some, but not all, optically flocculent galaxies. It is found that the level of non-axisymmetric structure in the galaxies' mass distributions is only modestly higher in those galaxies that are classified as `grand design' compared with those that are not, implying that non-grand design galaxies possess significant power in higher order modes. There is no evidence that bars preferentially trigger the spirals, but they do appear to stir up non-axisymmetric structure in the disc. In contrast, there is evidence that strong/close tidal interactions with companion galaxies are associated with strong two-armed spiral structure in the infrared, though there are a number of galaxies with relatively weak infrared spiral structure that do not possess such companions.