The Delay of Population III Star Formation by Supersonic Streaming Velocities

TL;DR

Supersonic streaming velocities between dark matter and gas after recombination delay the formation of the first stars by increasing the minimum halo mass needed for cooling, reducing the number of Population III stars, and affecting their mass distribution.

Contribution

This study demonstrates how coherent streaming velocities significantly delay Population III star formation and alter early universe structure formation using high-resolution simulations.

Findings

Delay of Population III star formation by dz ~ 4

Increase in minimum halo mass for cooling by a factor of three

Reduction of potential minihalos for star formation by up to an order of magnitude

Abstract

It has recently been demonstrated that coherent relative streaming velocities of order 30 km / s between dark matter and gas permeated the universe on scales below a few Mpc directly after recombination. We here use a series of high-resolution moving-mesh calculations to show that these supersonic motions significantly influence the virialization of the gas in minihalos, and delay the formation of the first stars. As the gas streams into minihalos with bulk velocities around 1 km / s at z ~ 20, the additional momentum and energy input reduces the gas fractions and central densities of the halos, increasing the typical virial mass required for efficient cooling by a factor of three, and delaying Population III star formation by dz ~ 4. Since the distribution of the magnitude of the streaming velocities is narrowly peaked around a non-negligible value, this effect is important in most regions of the universe. As a consequence, the increased minimum halo mass implies a reduction of the absolute number of minihalos that can be expected to cool and form Population III stars by up to an order of magnitude. We further find that the streaming velocities increase the turbulent velocity dispersion of the minihalo gas, which could affect its ability to fragment and hence alter the mass function of the first stars.