Q-vortices, Q-walls and coupled Q-balls

TL;DR

This paper explores three types of non-topological solitons—Q-balls, Q-vortices, and Q-walls—in a scalar field theory, analyzing their properties, behaviors, and new coupled solutions through numerical methods.

Contribution

It introduces and studies new coupled non-topological Q-ball solutions and generalizes existing models to include independent phases, expanding understanding of these solitons.

Findings

Charge and energy vary with frequency for each soliton type.

Numerical solutions reveal distinct behaviors among Q-balls, Q-vortices, and Q-walls.

New coupled Q-ball solutions are constructed and analyzed.

Abstract

We discuss three different globally regular non-topological stationary soliton solutions in the theory of a complex scalar field in 3+1 dimensions, so-called Q-balls, Q-vortices and Q-walls. The charge, energy and profiles of the corresponding solutions are presented for each configuration studied. The numerical investigation of these three types of solutions shows different behavior of charge and energy with changing frequency for each type. We investigate properties of new families of coupled non-topological 2-Q-ball solutions obtained within the same model by generalization of the ansatz for the scalar field which includes an independent phase. New composite solutions for another known model, which describes two Q-balls minimally interacting via a coupling term, are discussed briefly.