The Majority of Compact Massive Galaxies at z~2 are Disk Dominated

TL;DR

This study reveals that most massive, quiescent galaxies at z~2 are predominantly disk-dominated, challenging the traditional view of these galaxies as spheroidals and suggesting early disk formation.

Contribution

It provides the first statistical evidence that approximately 65% of massive, quiescent galaxies at z~2 are disk-dominated, based on high-resolution imaging and surface brightness profile analysis.

Findings

65% +/- 15% of galaxies are disk-dominated

Median disk scale length is 1.5 kpc

Galaxies are highly flattened, indicating disk structures

Abstract

We investigate the stellar structure of massive, quiescent galaxies at z~2, based on Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 imaging from the Early Release Science program. Our sample of 14 galaxies has stellar masses of M* > 10^{10.8} Msol and photometric redshifts of 1.5 < z < 2.5. In agreement with previous work, their half-light radii are <2 kpc, much smaller than equally massive galaxies in the present-day universe. A significant subset of the sample appears highly flattened in projection, which implies, considering viewing angle statistics, that a significant fraction of the galaxies in our sample have pronounced disks. This is corroborated by two-dimensional surface brightness profile fits. We estimate that 65% +/- 15% of the population of massive, quiescent z~2 galaxies are disk-dominated. The median disk scale length is 1.5 kpc, substantially smaller than the disks of equally massive galaxies in the present-day universe. Our results provide strong observational evidence that the much-discussed ultra-dense high-redshift galaxies should generally be thought of as disk-like stellar systems with the majority of stars formed from gas that had time to settle into a disk.