A Survey of HC3N in Extragalactic Sources - Is HC3N a Tracer of Activity in ULIRGs?

TL;DR

This paper presents the first extragalactic survey of HC3N, revealing its association with obscured, active galaxies and suggesting it as a potential tracer of dust temperature and activity in ULIRGs.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive extragalactic HC3N survey, comparing its presence with other molecular tracers and galaxy properties, and introduces the concept of HC3N-luminous galaxies.

Findings

Most HC3N-luminous galaxies are deeply obscured ULIRGs.

HC3N-luminous galaxies often show OH megamaser activity.

High HC3N/HCN ratio correlates with high dust temperature and low C II flux.

Abstract

Context. HC3N is a molecule that is mainly associated with Galactic star-forming regions, but it has also been detected in extragalactic environments. Aims. To present the first extragalactic survey of HC3N, when combining earlier data from the literature with six new single-dish detections, and to compare HC3N with other molecular tracers (HCN, HNC), as well as other properties (silicate absorption strength, IR flux density ratios, C II flux, and megamaser activity). Methods. We present mm IRAM 30 m, OSO 20 m, and SEST observations of HC3N rotational lines (mainly the J = 10-9 transition) and of the J = 1-0 transitions of HCN and HNC. Our combined HC3N data account for 13 galaxies (excluding the upper limits reported for the non-detections), while we have HCN and HNC data for more than 20 galaxies. Results. A preliminary definition "HC3N-luminous galaxy" is made based upon the HC3N/HCN ratio. Most (~80 %) HC3N-luminous galaxies seem to be deeply obscured galaxies and (U)LIRGs. A majority (~60 % or more) of the HC3N-luminous galaxies in the sample present OH mega- or strong kilomaser activity. A possible explanation is that both HC3N and OH megamasers need warm dust for their excitation. Alternatively, the dust that excites the OH megamaser offers protection against UV destruction of HC3N. A high silicate absorption strength is also found in several of the HC3N-luminous objects, which may help the HC3N to survive. Finally, we find that a high HC3N/HCN ratio is related to a high dust temperature and a low C II flux.