Quantum Vacuum Energy in Graphs and Billiards

TL;DR

This paper explores the dependence of quantum vacuum energy on system geometry, using spectral theory and cylinder kernels, with applications to quantum graphs and cavities, aiming to clarify fundamental questions about Casimir forces.

Contribution

It introduces new mathematical approaches to analyze vacuum energy in complex geometries, focusing on the cylinder kernel and its relation to classical orbits.

Findings

Vacuum energy relates to the geometry via spectral properties.

Results connect vacuum energy to classical periodic orbits.

Boundaries, edges, and corners significantly influence vacuum energy.

Abstract

The vacuum (Casimir) energy in quantum field theory is a problem relevant both to new nanotechnology devices and to dark energy in cosmology. The crucial question is the dependence of the energy on the system geometry under study. Despite much progress since the first prediction of the Casimir effect in 1948 and its subsequent experimental verification in simple geometries, even the sign of the force in nontrivial situations is still a matter of controversy. Mathematically, vacuum energy fits squarely into the spectral theory of second-order self-adjoint elliptic linear differential operators. Specifically, one promising approach is based on the small-t asymptotics of the cylinder kernel e^(-t sqrt(H)), where H is the self-adjoint operator under study. In contrast with the well-studied heat kernel e^(-tH), the cylinder kernel depends in a non-local way on the geometry of the problem. We discuss some results by the Louisiana-Oklahoma-Texas collaboration on vacuum energy in model systems, including quantum graphs and two-dimensional cavities. The results may shed light on general questions, including the relationship between vacuum energy and periodic or closed classical orbits, and the contribution to vacuum energy of boundaries, edges, and corners.