The thermo-magnetic effect in metals

TL;DR

This paper investigates the thermo-magnetic effect in metals, demonstrating that temperature gradients induce circulating currents and magnetic fields, with measurements confirming the relationship between these effects and physical properties of metals.

Contribution

It provides experimental evidence of thermo-magnetic effects in metals and describes the formation of convective electron loops caused by temperature gradients.

Findings

Magnetic field is proportional to temperature gradient and conductivity.

Circulating currents form inside metals due to thermal gradients.

Magnetic field strength inversely relates to temperature squared.

Abstract

The magnetic field which induced by the thermo-electric current in metals was detected and measured using of a flux-gate magnetometer. It is shown that the application of a temperature gradient on a metal rod gives rise to a circulating current therein and induces a magnetic field in the vicinity of its surface. If a temperature gradient on a metal rod exists, the "hot"\ electrons flow from the heated region of a metal into a colder region and extrude "cold" electrons that form a current in opposite direction. Since the oppositely directed currents repel each other due to the interaction of magnetic fields, a convective loop of electron current formes inside a metalic sample. The magnetic field of this convection is directly proportional to the temperature gradient, the metal conductivity and inversely proportional to the temperature squared.