Chemical Fractionation in the Silicate Vapor Atmosphere of the Earth

TL;DR

This paper investigates how liquid-vapor separation in Earth's silicate vapor atmosphere after the giant impact could explain chemical and isotopic differences between the Earth and Moon, providing insights into lunar formation.

Contribution

It introduces a model of atmospheric chemical fractionation via rainout, linking it to observed lunar chemical and isotopic signatures, advancing understanding of lunar origin.

Findings

Rainout can enrich the upper atmosphere in vapor, affecting lunar composition.

Liquid-vapor separation causes measurable isotopic offsets between Earth and Moon.

Silicon isotopic measurements can constrain early lunar chemical fractionation.

Abstract

Despite its importance to questions of lunar origin, the chemical composition of the Moon is not precisely known. In recent years, however, the isotopic composition of lunar samples has been determined to high precision and found to be indistinguishable from the terrestrial mantle despite widespread isotopic heterogeneity in the Solar System. In the context of the giant-impact hypothesis, this level of isotopic homogeneity can evolve if the proto-lunar disk and post-impact Earth undergo turbulent mixing into a single uniform reservoir while the system is extensively molten and partially vaporized. In the absence of liquid-vapor separation, such a model leads to the lunar inheritance of the chemical composition of the terrestrial magma ocean. Hence, the turbulent mixing model raises the question of how chemical differences arose between the silicate Earth and Moon. Here we explore the consequences of liquid-vapor separation in one of the settings relevant to the lunar composition: the silicate vapor atmosphere of the post-giant-impact Earth. We use a model atmosphere to quantify the extent to which rainout can generate chemical differences by enriching the upper atmosphere in the vapor, and show that plausible parameters can generate the postulated enhancement in the FeO/MgO ratio of the silicate Moon relative to the Earth's mantle. Moreover, we show that liquid-vapor separation also generates measurable mass-dependent isotopic offsets between the silicate Earth and Moon and that precise silicon isotope measurements can be used to constrain the degree of chemical fractionation during this earliest period of lunar history. An approach of this kind has the potential to resolve long-standing questions on the lunar chemical composition.