Infinite bubbling in non-K\"ahlerian geometry

TL;DR

This paper investigates the phenomenon of infinite bubbling in non-Kählerian class VII surfaces, showing how families of curves degenerate into infinite unions of rational curves, with implications for surface classification.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of infinite bubbling, demonstrating how degenerating families of curves in class VII surfaces converge to infinite divisors, advancing understanding of non-Kähler geometry.

Findings

Lifted divisors converge to non-compact limits

Limit divisors are bounded at the pseudo-convex end

Infinite series of rational curves describe degenerations

Abstract

In a holomorphic family $(X_b)_{b\in B}$ of non-K\"ahlerian compact manifolds, the holomorphic curves representing a fixed 2-homology class do not form a proper family in general. The deep source of this fundamental difficulty in non-K\"ahler geometry is the {\it explosion of the area} phenomenon: the area of a curve $C_b\subset X_b$ in a fixed 2-homology class can diverge as $b\to b_0$. This phenomenon occurs frequently in the deformation theory of class VII surfaces. For instance it is well known that any minimal GSS surface $X_0$ is a degeneration of a 1-parameter family of simply blown up primary Hopf surfaces $(X_z)_{z\in D\setminus\{0\}}$, so one obtains non-proper families of exceptional divisors $E_z\subset X_z$ whose area diverge as $z\to 0$. Our main goal is to study in detail this non-properness phenomenon in the case of class VII surfaces. We will prove that, under certain technical assumptions, a lift $\widetilde E_z$ of $E_z$ in the universal cover $\widetilde X_z$ does converge to an effective divisor $\widetilde E_0$ in $\widetilde X_0$, but this limit divisor is not compact. We prove that this limit divisor is always bounded towards the pseudo-convex end of $\widetilde X_0$ and that, when $X_0$ is a a minimal surface with global spherical shell, it is given by an infinite series of {\it compact} rational curves, whose coefficients can be computed explicitly. This phenomenon - degeneration of a family of compact curves to an infinite union of compact curves - should be called {\it infinite bubbling}. We believe that such a decomposition result holds for any family of class VII surfaces whose generic fiber is a blown up primary Hopf surface. This statement would have important consequences for the classification of class VII surfaces.