Twelve-hour spikes from the Crab Pevatron

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a gamma-ray flare from the Crab nebula, revealing 12-hour spikes caused by a compact Pevatron, and provides insights into the highest electron energies observed in a cosmic accelerator.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed timing and spectral analysis of a Crab nebula gamma-ray flare, identifying 12-hour flux enhancements and modeling their spectral properties.

Findings

Identified three 12-hour gamma-ray flux enhancements.

Confirmed the flare is not pulsed and confined below ~1 GeV.

Spectral analysis suggests a high-energy exponential cut-off.

Abstract

Aims. The Crab nebula displayed a large gamma-ray flare on September 18, 2010. To more closely understand the origin of this phenomenon, we analyze the INTEGRAL (20-500 keV) and FERMI (0.1-300 GeV) data collected almost simultaneously during the flare. Methods. We divide the available data into three different sets, corresponding to the pre-flare period, the flare, and the subsequent quiescence. For each period, we perform timing and spectral analyses to differentiate between the contributions of the pulsar and from the surrounding nebula to the gamma-ray luminosity. Results. No significant variations in the pulse profile and spectral characteristics are detected in the hard X-ray domain. In contrast, we identify three separate enhancements in the gamma-ray flux lasting for about 12 hours and separated by an interval of about two days from each other. The spectral analysis shows that the flux enhancement, confined below ~ 1 GeV, can be modelled by a power-law with a high energy exponential cut-off, where either the cut-off energy or the model normalization increased by a factor of ~ 5 relative to the pre-flare emission. We also confirm that the gamma-ray flare is not pulsed. Conclusions. The timing and spectral analysis indicate that the gamma-ray flare is due to synchrotron emission from a very compact Pevatron located in the region of interaction between the pulsar wind and the surrounding nebula. These are the highest electron energies ever measured in a cosmic accelerator. The spectral properties of the flare are interpreted in the framework of a relativistically moving emitter and/or a harder emitting electron population.