Markov entropy decomposition: a variational dual for quantum belief propagation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a variational dual approach for quantum belief propagation by deriving a lower bound for the free energy of quantum systems, supported by numerical results and theoretical insights.

Contribution

It formulates a convex optimization-based lower bound for quantum free energy and connects it to quantum belief propagation, providing a new theoretical foundation.

Findings

Good agreement with quantum Monte Carlo results

Numerically tractable optimization problem

Provides a lower bound complementing existing bounds

Abstract

We present a lower bound for the free energy of a quantum many-body system at finite temperature. This lower bound is expressed as a convex optimization problem with linear constraints, and is derived using strong subadditivity of von Neumann entropy and a relaxation of the consistency condition of local density operators. The dual to this minimization problem leads to a set of quantum belief propagation equations, thus providing a firm theoretical foundation to that approach. The minimization problem is numerically tractable, and we find good agreement with quantum Monte Carlo for the spin-half Heisenberg anti-ferromagnet in two dimensions. This lower bound complements other variational upper bounds. We discuss applications to Hamiltonian complexity theory and give a generalization of the structure theorem of Hayden, Jozsa, Petz and Winter to trees in an appendix.