Spectra of Random Hermitian Matrices with a Small-Rank External Source: The critical and near-critical regimes

TL;DR

This paper studies the spectral behavior of large Hermitian matrices with a small-rank external source, establishing universality of the $r$-Airy kernel at critical regimes for a broad class of potentials.

Contribution

It extends the universality results of the $r$-Airy kernel to general analytic potentials and larger source ranks growing as $n^eta$ with $eta<1/12$.

Findings

Eigenvalues exit the bulk for large enough external source magnitude.

Universality of the $r$-Airy kernel at the spectral edge.

Extension to general analytic potentials and larger source ranks.

Abstract

Random Hermitian matrices are used to model complex systems without time-reversal invariance. Adding an external source to the model can have the effect of shifting some of the matrix eigenvalues, which corresponds to shifting some of the energy levels of the physical system. We consider the case when the $n\times n$ external source matrix has two distinct real eigenvalues: $a$ with multiplicity $r$ and zero with multiplicity $n-r$. For a Gaussian potential, it was shown by P\'ech\'e \cite{Peche:2006} that when $r$ is fixed or grows sufficiently slowly with $n$ (a small-rank source), $r$ eigenvalues are expected to exit the main bulk for $|a|$ large enough. Furthermore, at the critical value of $a$ when the outliers are at the edge of a band, the eigenvalues at the edge are described by the $r$-Airy kernel. We establish the universality of the $r$-Airy kernel for a general class of analytic potentials for $r=\mathcal{O}(n^\gamma)$ for $0\leq\gamma<1/12$.