Optically trapped atom interferometry using the clock transition of large Rb-87 Bose-Einstein condensates

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a high-contrast atom interferometer using optically trapped Bose-Einstein condensates of Rb-87, analyzing noise sources and showing potential for sub-shot-noise measurement with further improvements.

Contribution

It introduces a Ramsey-type interferometer with large BECs using a single-photon microwave transition and analyzes noise limitations and coherence properties.

Findings

Achieved near 100% contrast fringes for short times.

Observed atom number variance with a signal-to-noise ratio ten times better than projection noise.

Identified technical and fundamental noise sources limiting current performance.

Abstract

We present a Ramsey-type atom interferometer operating with an optically trapped sample of 10^6 Bose-condensed Rb-87 atoms. The optical trap allows us to couple the |F =1, mF =0>\rightarrow |F =2, mF =0> clock states using a single photon 6.8GHz microwave transition, while state selective readout is achieved with absorption imaging. Interference fringes with contrast approaching 100% are observed for short evolution times. We analyse the process of absorption imaging and show that it is possible to observe atom number variance directly, with a signal-to-noise ratio ten times better than the atomic projection noise limit on 10^6 condensate atoms. We discuss the technical and fundamental noise sources that limit our current system, and outline the improvements that can be made. Our results indicate that, with further experimental refinements, it will be possible to produce and measure the output of a sub-shot-noise limited, large atom number BEC-based interferometer. In an addendum to the original paper, we attribute our inability to observe quantum projection noise to the stability of our microwave oscillator and background magnetic field. Numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equations for our system show that dephasing due to spatial dynamics driven by interparticle interactions account for much of the observed decay in fringe visibility at long interrogation times. The simulations show good agreement with the experimental data when additional technical decoherence is accounted for, and suggest that the clock states are indeed immiscible. With smaller samples of 5 \times 10^4 atoms, we observe a coherence time of {\tau} = (1.0+0.5-0.3) s.