Galactic Cepheids with Spitzer: II. Search for Extended Infrared Emission

TL;DR

This study used the Spitzer Space Telescope to detect extended infrared emission around several Cepheid stars, providing direct evidence of mass loss that impacts stellar evolution models and distance measurements.

Contribution

It reports the discovery of new extended infrared emission around Cepheids and constrains their mass loss rates, highlighting the role of dust in stellar evolution.

Findings

Extended infrared emission detected around three Cepheids.

Mass loss rates estimated between 1e-9 and 1e-6 Msun/yr.

Infrared emission accounts for only part of the Cepheid mass loss discrepancy.

Abstract

A deep and detailed examination of 29 classical Cepheids with the Spitzer Space Telescope has revealed three stars with strong nearby extended emission detected in multiple bands which appears to be physically associated with the stars. RS Pup was already known to possess extended infrared emission, while the extended emission around the other two stars S Mus and delta Cep is newly discovered in our observations. Four other stars GH Lup, l Car, T Mon and X Cyg show tentative evidence for extended infrared emission. An unusual elongated extended object next to SZ Tau appears to be a background or foreground object in a chance alignment with the Cepheid. The inferred mass loss rates upper limits for S Mus and delta Cep are in the range from 1e-9 to 1e-8 Msun/yr, with the upper limit for RS Pup as high as 1e-6 Msun/yr. Mass loss during post-main-sequence evolution has been proposed as a resolution to the discrepancy between pulsational and dynamical masses of Cepheid variable stars: dust in the lost material would make itself known by the presence of an infrared bright nebula, or unresolved infrared excess. The observed frequency of infrared circumstellar emission (<24%) and the mass loss rate we estimate for our sources shows that dusty mass loss can only account for part of the Cepheid mass loss discrepancy. Nevertheless, our direct evidence that mass loss is active during the Cepheid phase is an important confirmation that these processes need to be included in evolutionary and pulsation models of these stars, and should be taken into account in the calibration of the Cepheid distance scale.