Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

TL;DR

This paper predicts a torqued fireball in relativistic heavy-ion collisions caused by initial fluctuations and asymmetric particle emission, leading to measurable collective flow effects across rapidity regions.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of a torqued fireball resulting from initial state fluctuations and proposes experimental methods to detect this effect.

Findings

Standard deviation of torque angle ~20° in central collisions.

Hydrodynamic expansion produces torqued collective flow.

Monte Carlo simulations estimate non-flow effects.

Abstract

We show that the fluctuations in the wounded-nucleon model of the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, together with the natural assumption that the forward (backward) moving wounded nucleons emit particles preferably in the forward (backward) direction, lead to an event-by-event torqued fireball. The principal axes associated with the transverse shape are rotated in the forward region in the opposite direction than in the backward region. On the average, the standard deviation of the relative torque angle between the forward and backward rapidity regions is about 20deg for the central and 10deg for the mid-peripheral collisions. The hydrodynamic expansion of a torqued fireball leads to a torqued collective flow, yielding, in turn, torqued principal axes of the transverse-momentum distributions at different rapidities. We propose experimental measures, based on cumulants involving particles in different rapidity regions, which should allow for a quantitative determination of the effect from the data. To estimate the non-flow contributions from resonance decays we run Monte Carlo simulations with THERMINATOR. If the event-by-event torque effect is found in the data, it will support the assumptions concerning the fluctuations in the early stage of the fireball formation, as well as the hypothesis of the asymmetric rapidity shape of the emission functions of the moving sources in the nucleus-nucleus collisions.