The Abundance of Molecular Hydrogen and its Correlation with Midplane Pressure in Galaxies: Non-Equilibrium, Turbulent, Chemical Models

TL;DR

This study uses non-equilibrium, turbulent chemical models to explain the observed correlation between molecular hydrogen abundance and midplane pressure in galaxies, highlighting the importance of time-dependent processes over equilibrium assumptions.

Contribution

It introduces a three-dimensional turbulent model including non-equilibrium chemistry that better explains molecular hydrogen formation and its correlation with galactic pressure than previous equilibrium models.

Findings

Time-dependent H_2 formation models match observed molecular fractions.

Turbulence increases molecular hydrogen abundance by a factor of a few.

Radiative dissociation is less significant due to self-shielding in diffuse radiation fields.

Abstract

Observations of spiral galaxies show a strong linear correlation between the ratio of molecular to atomic hydrogen surface density R_mol and midplane pressure. To explain this, we simulate three-dimensional, magnetized turbulence, including simplified treatments of non-equilibrium chemistry and the propagation of dissociating radiation, to follow the formation of H_2 from cold atomic gas. The formation time scale for H_2 is sufficiently long that equilibrium is not reached within the 20-30 Myr lifetimes of molecular clouds. The equilibrium balance between radiative dissociation and H_2 formation on dust grains fails to predict the time-dependent molecular fractions we find. A simple, time-dependent model of H_2 formation can reproduce the gross behavior, although turbulent density perturbations increase molecular fractions by a factor of few above it. In contradiction to equilibrium models, radiative dissociation of molecules plays little role in our model for diffuse radiation fields with strengths less than ten times that of the solar neighborhood, because of the effective self-shielding of H_2. The observed correlation of R_mol with pressure corresponds to a correlation with local gas density if the effective temperature in the cold neutral medium of galactic disks is roughly constant. We indeed find such a correlation of R_mol with density. If we examine the value of R_mol in our local models after a free-fall time at their average density, as expected for models of molecular cloud formation by large-scale gravitational instability, our models reproduce the observed correlation over more than an order of magnitude range in density.