A mature cluster with X-ray emission at z=2.07
R. Gobat, E. Daddi, M. Onodera, A. Finoguenov, A. Renzini, N. Arimoto,, R. Bouwens, M. Brusa, R.-R. Chary, A. Cimatti, M. Dickinson, X. Kong, M., Mignoli

TL;DR
This paper presents evidence of a fully formed galaxy cluster at redshift 2.07, characterized by X-ray emission and a mature galaxy population, indicating early cluster formation.
Contribution
It reports the discovery and detailed analysis of the most distant, mature galaxy cluster known, combining multi-wavelength observations to characterize its properties.
Findings
Galaxy cluster at z=2.07 with X-ray emission
Red galaxy population with elliptical morphologies
Estimated halo mass comparable to Virgo cluster
Abstract
We report evidence of a fully established galaxy cluster at z=2.07, consisting of a ~20sigma overdensity of red, compact spheroidal galaxies spatially coinciding with extended X-ray emission detected with XMM-Newton. We use VLT VIMOS and FORS2 spectra and deep Subaru, VLT and Spitzer imaging to estimate the redshift of the structure from a prominent z=2.07 spectroscopic redshift spike of emission-line galaxies, concordant with the accurate 12-band photometric redshifts of the red galaxies. Using NICMOS and Keck AO observations, we find that the red galaxies have elliptical morphologies and compact cores. While they do not form a tight red sequence, their colours are consistent with that of a >1.3$~Gyr population observed at z~2.1. From an X-ray luminosity of .2*10^43 erg s^-1 and the stellar mass content of the red galaxy population, we estimate a halo mass of 5.3-8*10^13 Msun,…
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