Analysis of the application of the optical method to the measurements of the water vapor content in the atmosphere - Part 1: Basic concepts of the measurement technique

TL;DR

This paper discusses the use of optical photometry methods to measure atmospheric water vapor content, focusing on calibration, empirical parameter determination, and accuracy improvements for reliable atmospheric monitoring.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive approach combining photometric data, laboratory calibration, and atmospheric modeling to improve water vapor measurement accuracy.

Findings

Current measurement uncertainty is about 10%.

Calibration accuracy can be improved to ~1%.

Method comparison shows consistency with other techniques.

Abstract

We retrieved the total content of the atmospheric water vapor (or Integrated Water Vapor, IWV) from extensive sets of photometric data obtained since 1995 at Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory with star and sun photometers. Different methods of determination of the empirical parameters that are necessary for the retrieval are discussed. The instruments were independently calibrated using laboratory measurements made at Pulkovo Observatory with the VKM-100 multi-pass vacuum cell. The empirical parameters were also calculated by the simulation of the atmospheric absorption by water vapor, using the MODRAN-4 program package for different model atmospheres. The results are compared to those presented in the literature, obtained with different instruments and methods of the retrieval. The reliability of the empirical parameters, used for the power approximation that links the water vapor content with the observed absorption, is analyzed. Currently, the total (from measurements, calibration, and calculations) errors yield the standard uncertainty of about 10% in the total column water vapor. We discuss the possibilities for improving the accuracy of calibration to ~1% as indispensable condition in order to make it possible to use data obtained by optical photometry as an independent reference for other methods (GPS, MW-radiometers, lidar, etc).