Radial and Azimuthal Profiles of Two-Qubit/Rebit Hilbert-Schmidt Separability Probabilities and Related 3-D Visualization Analyses

TL;DR

This paper investigates the probability of quantum state separability for two-qubit and two-rebit systems using radial and azimuthal profiles, numerical estimation, and 3D visualization techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to compute separability probabilities via radial and azimuthal functions, employing Cholesky decomposition and 3D visualization.

Findings

Derived separability probability functions for two-qubit and two-rebit systems.

Numerically estimated and plotted these functions over the unit ball.

Explored geometric visualization of separability in 3D shapes.

Abstract

Firstly, we reduce the long-standing problem of ascertaining the Hilbert-Schmidt probability that a generic pair of qubits is separable to that of determining the specific nature of a one-dimensional (separability) function of the radial coordinate (r) of the unit ball in 15-dimensional Euclidean space, and similarly for a generic pair of rebits, using the 9-dimensional unit ball. Separability probabilities, could, then, be directly obtained by integrating the products of these functions (which we numerically estimate and plot) with jacobian factors of r^m over r in [0,1], with m=17 for the two-rebit case, and m=29 in the two-qubit instance. Secondly, we repeat the analyses, but for the replacement of r as the free variable, by the azimuthal angle phi \in [0,2 pi]--with the associated jacobian factors now being, trivially, unity. So, the separability probabilities, then, become simply the areas under the curves generated. For our analyses, we employ an interesting Cholesky-decomposition parameterization of the 4 x 4 density matrices. Thirdly, in an exploratory investigation, we examine the Hilbert-Schmidt separability probability question using the three-dimensional visualization (cube/tetrahedron/octahedron) of two qubits associated with Avron, Bisker and Kenneth, and Leinaas, Myrheim and Ovrum, among others.