Steady jets and transient jets: observational characteristics and models

TL;DR

This paper compares steady and transient jets in X-ray binaries, analyzing their observational features, underlying models, and potential connections, and discusses implications for broader astrophysical jet phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of steady and transient jets, proposing models for each, and explores their relationship and broader relevance to radio loud AGNs.

Findings

Steady jets exhibit flat/inverted spectra and appear as continuous structures.

Transient jets are optically thin, resolved as relativistic plasmoids.

Models include conical flow for steady jets and shock interactions for transients.

Abstract

Two types of radio emission are observed from X-ray binaries with jets. They have completely different characteristics and are associated with different kinds of ejections. One kind of emission has a flat or inverted spectrum indicating optically thick self-absorbed synchrotron emission; the second kind of emission corresponds to an optically thin "transient" outburst. The flat or inverted spectrum covers the whole radio band and has been established also at millimeter and infrared wavelengths. When this kind of radio emission is spatially resolved it appears as a continuous jet, the so-called "steady jet". In contrast, transient jets associated with optically thin events are resolved as "plasmoids" moving at relativistic speeds away from the center of the system. The most important point is that the two kinds of radio emission and their corresponding types of ejections seem to be related to each other; the optically thin outburst that characterizes the transient jet occurs after an interval of emission with flat/inverted spectrum. Two different models successfully describe the two jets: a conical flow and shocks. The conical outflow describes the continuous jet and internal shocks in a continuous pre-existing outflow describe the "plasmoids" of the transient jet. The internal shocks in the outflow are thought to originate from a new population of very fast particles. Three open issues are discussed: is magnetic reconnection the physical process generating the new population of very fast particles? Is that part of the continuous jet called "core" destroyed by the transient jet and its associated shocks? Can we extrapolate these results from steady and transient jets in X-ray binaries to radio loud AGNs?