Generation of a bubble universe using a negative energy bath

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel model where negative energy baths enable the formation of bubble universes from false vacuum bubbles without tunneling, expanding our understanding of universe creation scenarios.

Contribution

It introduces a new mechanism for bubble universe formation using negative energy baths, avoiding the need for tunneling to unbuildable bubbles.

Findings

False vacuum bubbles violate null energy condition and emit negative energy.

Negative energy baths can homogenously fill a region, enabling bubble expansion.

Bubble universes can form from false vacuum bubbles within negative energy baths.

Abstract

This paper suggests a model for a bubble universe using buildable false vacuum bubbles. We study the causal structures of collapsing false vacuum bubbles using double-null simulations. False vacuum bubbles violate the null energy condition and emit negative energy along the outgoing direction through semi-classical effects. If there are a few collapsing false vacuum bubbles and they emit negative energy to a certain region, then the region can be approximated by a negative energy bath, which means the region is homogeneously filled by negative energy. If a false vacuum bubble is generated in the negative energy bath and the tension of the bubble effectively becomes negative in the bath, then the bubble can expand and form an inflating bubble universe. This scenario uses a set of assumptions different from those in previous studies because it does not require tunneling to unbuildable bubbles.