Classifying quantum phases using Matrix Product States and PEPS

TL;DR

This paper classifies gapped quantum phases in one and two dimensions using Matrix Product States and PEPS, revealing how symmetries influence phase distinctions and introducing a normal form for analysis.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive classification framework for quantum phases using MPS and PEPS, incorporating symmetry effects and introducing the isometric form as a key tool.

Findings

All 1D systems without symmetry are in the same phase, aside from degeneracies.

Symmetry-protected phases are classified by cohomology classes of the symmetry group.

In 2D, symmetry constraints on phases are less restrictive than in 1D.

Abstract

We give a classification of gapped quantum phases of one-dimensional systems in the framework of Matrix Product States (MPS) and their associated parent Hamiltonians, for systems with unique as well as degenerate ground states, and both in the absence and presence of symmetries. We find that without symmetries, all systems are in the same phase, up to accidental ground state degeneracies. If symmetries are imposed, phases without symmetry breaking (i.e., with unique ground states) are classified by the cohomology classes of the symmetry group, this is, the equivalence classes of its projective representations, a result first derived in [X. Chen, Z.-C. Gu, and X.-G. Wen, Phys. Rev. B 83, 035107 (2011); arXiv:1008.3745]. For phases with symmetry breaking (i.e., degenerate ground states), we find that the symmetry consists of two parts, one of which acts by permuting the ground states, while the other acts on individual ground states, and phases are labelled by both the permutation action of the former and the cohomology class of the latter. Using Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS), we subsequently extend our framework to the classification of two-dimensional phases in the neighborhood of a number of important cases, in particular systems with unique ground states, degenerate ground states with a local order parameter, and topological order. We also show that in two dimensions, imposing symmetries does not constrain the phase diagram in the same way it does in one dimension. As a central tool, we introduce the isometric form, a normal form for MPS and PEPS which is a renormalization fixed point. Transforming a state to its isometric form does not change the phase, and thus, we can focus on to the classification of isometric forms.